Vacaero

Manufacturers of heat treating and brazing vacuum furnaces and controls, complete hot zone and vacuum furnace retrofits, thermal spray coatings, plasma, HVOF and paint coating services.

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Loading Practices for Vacuum Processing

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Once a good fixture design has been developed, careful consideration should next be given to the loading of the workpieces.

Heating in a vacuum depends mostly on the transfer of energy through radiation from the elements to the load.  For uniform heating and cooling, it is important that the workpieces are not shielded by one another.  Pieces within the load should be evenly spaced to ensure even exposure to radiation.  The size, shape and high-temperature strength of the workpiece should also be considered during loading.  Alloys with complex shapes and relatively low strength at heat treating temperatures may distort during processing.  In some cases, it may be necessary to support these components with specially designed fixtures. BY JEFF PRITCHARD

Inlet Filters for Mechanical Vacuum Pumps

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This article discusses inlet filters that are used on oil sealed mechanical medium vacuum pumps such as rotary vane and rotary piston pumps typically used on vacuum furnaces and, for smaller pumps used for many laboratory and light industrial applications. One of the downsides of any trap is that it will eventually require servicing. Many vacuum system operators prefer not to use traps for that reason. If the correct traps are used and maintenance is planned, the downtime and service costs can be kept in line.

There are four types of inlet filters used on vacuum pumps used in laboratories and in light industrial applications: foreline traps, catchpots, dust traps and vapor traps. The first, foreline traps, are used to prevent contamination coming out of the vacuum pump; and the other three are used to prevent contaminants from entering the vacuum pump. Foreline traps – This type of trap is to prevent oil vapor that moves out of the pump inlet under low pressure conditions when the gas is in molecular flow. That would be at a pressure lower than about 0.1 Torr or 100 microns. The ultimate vacuum of an oil sealed vacuum pump is reached when the hot oil in the pump starts to evaporate. Under these conditions some molecules of oil vapor will backstream from the pump inlet toward the vacuum system. Although back streaming of oil vapor occurs in larger pumps as well, it can be more critical in smaller vacuum systems where the piping is shorter. Instruments such as mass spectrometers, electron microscopes and ultra-high vacuum systems can be contaminated if oil vapor reaches them so most of these instruments use foreline traps. If these instruments become contaminated it can take several days to clean them out and return them to operation.

Vapor Pressure and Evaporation in Vacuum Furnaces

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Knowledge of vapor pressure and rates of evaporation of various materials is valuable information for those operating vacuum furnaces, whether we are heat treating or brazing at high temperature and low vacuum levels or dealing with outgassing at very low temperatures and pressures.

When we think about a solid or liquid in a sealed vessel, we find that, even at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, there are molecules that leave the surface and go into the gaseous phase. The gas phase thus formed is called a vapor. The process of forming a vapor is known as evaporation and the rate of evaporation is determined by the temperature of the substance involved. In time, some of the evaporated molecules will, in all likelihood in the course of random movement, strike and stick to the surface of the vessel. This process is known as condensation and the rate of condensation is determined by the concentration of gas molecules (that is, the pressure of the evacuated gas). Eventually, the number of molecules leaving the surface of the substance is equal to the number returning to it (that is, the evaporation rate equals the condensation rate) and we have dynamic equilibrium. The (partial) pressure at which this occurs is known as the vapor pressure of the substance.2 Below this pressure, surface evaporation occurs faster than condensation, while above it, surface evaporation is slower.

Fixture Design for Vacuum Processing

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Good fixturing and loading practices are essential elements in achieving proper heat treating results and long equipment life.

Fixture materials and design must be appropriate for the processing application.  Maintenance of fixtures is equally important.  The possibility of reactions between the workpieces and baskets or fixtures must also be considered.  High temperature sintering of the workpieces to themselves or the fixtures can occur.  Eutectic melting can also occur when certain chemical compositions come into contact at high temperature.  Selection of a fixture material is influenced by cost, service environment and compatibility with the workpiece and furnace hearth. BY JEFF PRITCHARD

Oil Diffusion Pump Controls

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Oil diffusion pumps remain in popular use in the vacuum heat treating industry, possibly one of the few applications remaining for this type of high vacuum pump in the western world. The main reasons for their continued use are their longevity the lack of other options. When your process requires a pressure below that of a mechanical pump or mechanical pump and Roots pump combination a secondary vacuum pump has to be used. These are oil diffusion pumps, turbomolecular pumps and possibly cryogenic pumps.

Turbomolecular pumps are limited in physical size due to the high rotor speeds needed to create molecular flow into the pump mechanism; and both “turbos” and “cryos” are very susceptible to process contamination. Large cryos are often used in vacuum coating applications but, as far as I am aware, not in vacuum heat treating applications. I think that many oil diffusion pumps are still used for industrial and some scientific applications in the eastern parts of the world where the cost of a turbomolecular pump is still very high based on the local costs of doing business.

Vacuum Furnace Quenching Systems: External versus Internal

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For heat treating purposes, “quenching” can be defined as the rapid cooling of a metal to impart some desired property such as hardness. Different metals and alloys require different quenching rates to achieve their optimum properties. Regardless of equipment design, gas quenching in vacuum furnaces involve the same basic principles.

The gas quenching process normally consists of the following sequence of events. First, the power to the heating elements is shut off. Next, the furnace chamber and quench loop are backfilled with a non-reactive gas, commonly nitrogen or argon. The quench blower then activates, forcing the gas through quench nozzles located circumferentially in a manifold that is part of the hot zone and into the hot load. As the gas passes over the load, it picks up heat. The hot gas then exits the main chamber and travels through the quench piping to a water-cooled heat exchanger, where it is cooled. After exiting the heat exchanger, the cooled gas is drawn back through the blower to be recirculated through the chamber in a continuous cooling loop. BY JEFF PRITCHARD

Cleaning Practices prior to Vacuum Heat Treating

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There are several factors to be considered in preparing workpieces for vacuum heat treating or brazing. Cleanliness of the workpieces and baskets or fixtures is very important. They must be free of oil, dirt, machining lubricants or other contaminants prior to being loaded into the furnace. Some lubricants contain sulphur compounds which can adversely affect the alloys being heat treated. Inadequate cleaning can also cause staining and discoloring of the end product or result in poor braze alloy flow. Contaminants with high vapour pressures will evaporate during heating causing loss of vacuum. The vapours may eventually condense on colder surfaces in the furnace only to re-vaporize to cause contamination problems in subsequent runs. BY JEFF PRITCHARD